Lecture 1
·
Classification
o
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species (King Phillip Came Over From Germany Stoned)
·
Animal (defined)
o
Multicelled eukaryotes
o
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
o
Motility
o
Heterotrophs: predators (herbivores, carnivores,
omnivores), parasites, detritivores
o
Reproduce sexually (some asexually)
o
Continuous stages of embryonic development
·
Chordates
o
Mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, reptiles
·
Bower Birds
o
Males build beautiful bowers to attract mates,
and do a very interesting dance. Native to Australia and New Guinea.
Lecture 2
·
Matter
o
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter can be solids, liquids, or gases
·
Energy
o
Ability to do work or put matter into motion
o
Kinetic energy (movement) vs potential energy
(stored)
·
Hydrogen
Bonds
o
Very weak
·
Organic
o
Contain carbon, large, covalently bonded, carbs,
nucleic acids, fats, and proteins
Lecture 3
·
Carbohydrates
o
Sugars and starches: made or Carbon, Oxygen, and
Hydrogen
o
Monosaccharides (one ring)[simple sugars,
glucose], Disaccharides (two rings)[lactose, maltose, sucrose], polysaccharides
(many rings)[starch, glycogen]
·
Lipids
o
Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids: also
made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
o
Triglycerides (neutral fats/stored energy),
phospholipids (cell membrane), steroids (cholesterol, bile, vitamin D, sex
hormones)
·
Proteins
o
50% of organic matter in the body, most varied
functions (transport, structural, etc.)
o
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (Sulfur and
Nitrogen)
o
Amino acids are the building block (20 types)
that are joined to form polypeptides (protein)
·
Nucleic acids
o
Molecules that include DNA, RNA, ATP; made up of
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
o
Made up of nucleotides that form polymers like:
DNA(genes), RNA(protein synthesis), ATP(for energy for cellular work)
Lecture 4
·
Cell theory
o
All organisms are made of cells. Cells are the
basic unit of life.
·
Mitochondria
o
Powerhouse of the cell! They form ATP which can
be used for cell activities.
·
Three basic pars of a cell
o
Plasma membrane – made up of phospholipids and
proteins and semipermeable
o
Cytoplasm – has cytosol fluid, organelles, and
cytoskeleton
o
Nucleus – contains DNA, double membrane, brain
of the cell
·
Cytoskeleton
o
Internal framework; determines cell shape.
o
Microfilaments (small), intermediate filaments
(medium), microtubules (large)
Lecture 5
·
Metabolism
o
The sum of all the catabolic and anabolic
reactions that allow an animal to grow, reproduce and survive. Rate can be
high/fast or low/slow.
·
Cell respiration
o
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
+Energy (heat)
·
BMR
o
Basal Metabolic Rate. This formula takes into
account tor height, weight, age and sex to determine how many calories you
require in a day (resting)
·
Hunter syndrome
o
Cause: missing an enzyme to break down some
complex sugars, inherited defective chromosome from mother
o
Symptoms: respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous
system, and skeletal complications. Delayed development, thickened tongue and
lips. Claw-like hands.
Lecture 6
·
Bioluminescence
·
DNA
o
Does is code for the sequence of amino acids so
that proteins can be made? Can it replicate itself? Is it contained in the
nucleus of the cell? Can it be changed, altered and/or mutated over time?
o
Double helix, adenine, thymine, cytosine,
guanine. To replicate, helix unwinds. DNA is coiled into chromosomes that are
in the nucleus of cells.
·
Mutation
o
Any change in the sequence of A, T, C, G
nucleotides of the DNA code
o
Can be caused by radiation and chemicals
o
Can result in a deletion, addition, or
substitution of nucleotides. But, many mutations are harmless!
·
GMO
o
Genetically modified organisms, when the DNA is
altered in any way. Many times it is plants that are modified for agricultural
reasons.
Lecture 7
·
Amino acid
o
Amino acids are strung together by peptide bonds
to make polypeptides.
·
Transcription/translation
o
Transcription: DNA transcribed to mRNA (in
nucleus of the cell)
o
Translation: mRNA is translated into amino acids
(at the ribosomes)
·
Enzymes
o
In globular proteins, there are enzymes that
increase rates of reaction
·
Alzheimer’s disease
o
Progressive brain disorder that causes memory
loss and cognitive function
o
Early onset à genetic. Late onset à
environmental factors
Lecture 8
·
Gene control
o
When genes get turned on and off. Cells don’t
express all of their genes all of the time.
o
Which genes are being expressed depends on the
type of cell, its moment-by-moment adjustments to changing chemical conditions,
which signals it is receiving from the environment and its built in control
systems.
·
Cell differentiation
o
The process of the cells from the original
fertilized egg differentiate between becoming a blood cell, bone cell, muscle
cell, fat cell, skin cell, etc.
·
PCD/apoptosis
o
Cell suicide
o
Some cells are programmed (by genes) to
self-destruct once they have fulfilled their specific function
·
Cancer
o
Cancer cells do not self-destruct on cue, but
grow uncontrollably accumulating mutations so that they can continue to grow
and divide, ignoring the death signal
o
Tumor à either benign
(harmless) or malignant (painful)
o
Abnormal growth and division
o
Weakened cell adhesion (cancer cells tend to
travel more easily)
o
Lethality (unless eradicated the cells will kill
the individual)
Lecture 9
·
Mitosis (stages)
o
Prophase
§
Chromosomes condense, spindles start to assemble
o
Metaphase
§
Chromosomes line up and attach to spindle
o
Anaphase
§
Chromosomes pulled apart and move to poles
o
Telophase
§
Chromosomes decondense, nucleus reforms
·
Cell life cycle (stages)
o
G1- childhood, S- transcription/translation, g2-
about to divide/ go to mitosis,
·
Crossing over
o
Meiosis- new combos of chromosomes is formed
·
Gregor Mendel
o
Monk who lived at the same time as Darwin.
Scholar of mathematics and breeding among plants. Found observable evidence of
how parents transmit genes to offspring.
Lecture 10
·
Macroevolution
o
Refers to the patterns, trends, and rates of
change among lineages over geological time
·
Fossils
o
Recognizable, physical evidence of ancient life.
Can be bones, teeth, shells, seeds, capsules of spores and other hard parts.
§
Trace fossils- imprints of leaves, stems,
tracks, trails, and burrows
·
Morphological divergence
o
The change from the form of the common ancestor.
§
Homologous structures- provide strong evidence
of MD. These are the same body parts that became modified in different ways in
different lines of descent from a common ancestor.
·
5 Kingdom system
o
1. Plants 2. Animals (9 phyla) 3. Fungi 4.
Monera 5. Protists
§
Monera split into eubacteria and archaebacteria
Lecture 11
·
Theory of Catastrophism
o
Georges Cuvier: there was a time of all
creation, all but few were destroyed, then those few repopulated the earth
·
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
o
The force for change was a drive for perfection
up the chain of beings
o
Drive was centered in nerves that directed a
“fluida” to body parts to change
o
Example: giraffe
·
Theory of Natural Selection
o
Any population can evolve (change over time)
when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible
for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.
·
Charles Darwin
o
Joined the crew of the Beagle at the age of 22
for a 5 year voyage around the world. He and Lyell proposed that it took
millions of years for a species to evolve.
Lecture 12
·
Population
o
A group of individuals of the same species
occupying a given area. Certain features characterize population:
§
Morphological traits: body structure
§
Physiological traits: body function
§
Behavioral traits
·
Bottleneck effect
o
Severe reduction in population size brought
about by intense selection pressure, a natural catastrophe, disease, hunting,
loss of habitat. (blue and yellow bead example)
·
Gene pool
o
The total number of genes in a population, many
which are shared among all individuals of that population. Each gene exists in
different different forms called alleles. Mutation creates new alleles.
·
Stabilizing selection
o
Intermediate phenotypes are favored and extreme
phenotypes at both ends of the range of variation are eliminated.
Lecture 13
·
Speciation
o
Change in alleles from daughter cells to mother
cells
·
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
o
Before during and after fertilization
·
Homeostasis
o
Everything being maintained
·
Three levels of organization (tissue/organ/organ
system)
Lecture 14
·
Neuron
o
Dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal
·
Synapse
·
Neurotransmitter
o
Excitatory- speeding up response
o
Inhibitory- slow down response
·
Reflex
o
Involuntary, rapid, predictable
Lecture 15
·
Sensation
o
Consciously aware that theres a chnage
·
Perception
o
Visual
·
Pain
o
Perception of injury to some body injury
·
Echolocation
Lecture 16
·
Hormone
o
Attack target cells and target organs
·
Pituitary gland
·
Hyperthyroidism
·
Insulin
o
Break down sugar
Lecture 17
·
Axial skeleton
·
Osteoporosis
·
Smooth muscle
o
hollow
·
Muscular dystrophy
o
Weak zero muscle
Lecture 18
·
Leukocytes
o
White blood cells attack pathogens, in lymph
nodes
·
Closed circulatory system
o
What we have, vertabrates, nematodes
·
Lymph nodes
·
Hemoglobin
o
High hemoglobin
Lecture 19
·
Pathogen
o
Anything that can cause disease
·
Nonspecific response
o
infammation
·
Autoimmune disorder
o
Grave’s disease
·
Inflammation
Lecture 20
·
Thermoregulation
o
Generate heat within our bodies because of this
·
Radiation
o
Non direct heat contact
·
Endotherm
We are are able to control our body temp
·
Thermogenesis
o
Contraction of muscles
Lecture 21
·
Heterotroph
·
Extracellular digestion
·
Peristalsis
·
Small intestine
Lecture 22
·
Hermaphrodite
·
Fragmentation
·
Internal fertilization
·
Viviparity
o
To be able to have live birth; when the young
are born, they are fully functioning
Lecture 23/24
·
Ethology
·
Imprinting
·
Habituation
·
classical conditioning
o
Pavlov’s classic experiments on dogs having to
do with dogs salivating and the bell or flash of light.
·
Operant conditioning
o
Trial and error.
·
Dominance hierarchy
·
Altruism
o
Self-sacrificing behavior; giving blood, kidney,
etc.
Lecture 25
·
Habitat
·
Carrying capacity
·
Symbiosis
·
Winter sleep
·
Abiotic factors
·
Interspecific competition
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